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home articles blog posts book chapters doctorat textes en français comments nicolas claidière laboratoire de psychologie cognitive aix-marseille university, cnrs 13331 marseille, france info biography/biographie contact selected publications convergent transformation and selection in cultural evolution february 2018 | articles , cultural evolution claidière, n., amedon, g. k.-k., andré, j.-b., kirby, s., smith, k., sperber, d., & fagot, j. (2018). convergent transformation and selection in cultural evolution. evolution and human behavior, 39(2), 191-202. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.12.007 abstract: in biology, natural selection is the main explanation of adaptations and it is an attractive idea to think that an analogous force could have the same role in cultural evolution. in support of this idea, all the main ingredients for natural selection have been documented in the cultural domain. however, the changes that occur during cultural transmission typically result in convergent transformation, non-random cultural modifications, casting some doubts on the importance of natural selection in the cultural domain. to progress on this issue more empirical research is needed. here, using nearly half a million experimental trials performed by a group of baboons ( papio papio ), we simulate cultural evolution under various conditions of natural selection and do an additional experiment to tease apart the role of convergent transformation and selection. our results confirm that transformation strongly constrain the variation available to selection and therefore strongly limit its impact on cultural evolution. surprisingly, in our study, transformation also enhances the effect of selection by stabilising cultural variation. we conclude that, in culture, selection can change the evolutionary trajectory substantially in some cases, but can only act on the variation provided by (typically biased) transformation. other better vs. self better in baboons may 2017 | articles , social cognition dumas, f., fagot, j., davranche, k., & claidière, n. (2017). other better versus self better in baboons: an evolutionary approach of social comparison. proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences, 284(1855). doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0248 abstract: comparing oneself with others is an important characteristic of human social life, but the link between human and non-human forms of social comparison remains largely unknown. the present study used a computerized task presented in a social context to explore psychological mechanisms supporting social comparison in baboons and compare major findings with those usually observed in humans. we found that the effects of social comparison on subject’s performance were guided both by similarity (same vs different sex) and task complexity. comparing oneself with a better off other (upward comparison) increased performance when the other was similar rather than dissimilar, and a reverse effect was obtained when the self was better (downward comparison). furthermore, when the other was similar, upward comparison led to a better performance than downward comparison. interestingly, the beneficial effect of upward comparison on baboons’ performance was only observed during simple task. our results support the hypothesis of shared social comparison mechanisms in human and nonhuman primates. figure 2. (a) estimated differences in reaction times from the averaged model for the three explanatory variables, task complexity (simple versus complex), comparison (downward/self better versus upward/other better) and similarity (same sex versus different sex). error bars represent standard errors. horizontal bars indicate a significant difference between the two conditions. (b) for comparison purposes, this graph illustrates the main results of tesser et al.’s study on social comparison effects in humans [8]. argumentation and the diffusion of counter-intuitive beliefs may 2017 | articles , cultural evolution claidière, n., trouche, e., & mercier, h. (2017). argumentation and the diffusion of counter-intuitive beliefs. journal of experimental psychology: general. doi:10.1037/xge0000323 abstract: research in cultural evolution has focused on the spread of intuitive or minimally counterintuitive beliefs. however, some very counterintuitive beliefs can also spread successfully, at least in some communities—scientific theories being the most prominent example. we suggest that argumentation could be an important factor in the spread of some very counterintuitive beliefs. a first experiment demonstrates that argumentation enables the spread of the counterintuitive answer to a reasoning problem in large discussion groups, whereas this spread is limited or absent when participants can show their answers to each other but cannot discuss. a series of experiments using the technique of repeated transmission show that, in the case of the counterintuitive belief studied: (a) arguments can help spread this belief without loss; (b) conformist bias does not help spread this belief; and (c) authority or prestige bias play a minimal role in helping spread this belief. thus, argumentation seems to be necessary and sufficient for the spread of some counterintuitive beliefs. diffusion of a counter-intuitive answer (green) in groups that initially give mostly the intuitive wrong answer (red). the size of the node represents the confidence of the participants. social networks from automated cognitive testing january 2016 | articles , social network claidière, n., gullstrand, j., latouche, a., & fagot, j. (2015). using automated learning devices for monkeys (aldm) to study social networks. behavior research methods, 1-11. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0686-9 abstract: social network analysis has become a prominent tool to study animal social life, and there is an increasing need to develop new systems to collect social information automatically, systematically, and reliably. here we explore the use of a freely accessible automated learning device for monkeys (aldm) to collect such social information on a group of 22 captive baboons (papio papio). we compared the social network obtained from the co-presence of the baboons in ten aldm testing booths to the social network obtained through standard behavioral observation techniques. the results show that the co-presence network accurately reflects the social organization of the group, and also indicate under which conditions the co-presence network is most informative. in particular, the best correlation between the two networks was obtained with a minimum of 40 days of computer records and for individuals with at least 500 records per day. we also show through random permutation tests that the observed correlations go beyond what would be observed by simple synchronous activity, to reflect a preferential choice of closely located testing booths. the use of automatized cognitive testing therefore presents a new way of obtaining a large and regular amount of social information that is necessary to develop social network analysis. it also opens the possibility of studying dynamic changes in network structure with time and in relation to the cognitive performance of individuals. universal cognitive mechanisms explain the cultural success of bloodletting february 2015 | articles , cultural evolution miton, h., claidière, n., & mercier, h. (2015) universal cognitive mechanisms explain the cultural success of bloodletting. evolution and human behavior. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.01.003 figure: bloodletting across cultures worldwide abstract: bloodletting—the practice of letting blood out to cure a patient—was for centuries one of the main therapies in the west. we lay out three potential explanations for bloodletting’s cultural success: that it was efficient, that it was defended by prestigious sources—in particular ancient physicians—, and that cognitive mechanisms made it a particularly attractive practi
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